Which of the following illustrates disinformation?

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Disinformation is false information deliberately created to mislead people. A fabricated study shows this clearly: it presents fake data and methods as if they were real research, with the intention of deceiving readers and steering opinions or decisions based on that false support. The element of intent to deceive, packaged as credible scientific evidence, is what makes it a textbook example of disinformation.

By contrast, sharing private data to harm someone isn’t about spreading false information; it’s about violating privacy and causing harm. A false rumor about a vaccine is also false information, but without knowing whether it was spread on purpose to mislead, it falls more into the realm of misinformation; it could be disinformation if there’s an explicit plan to deceive. Misinterpreting data in a report is an error in analysis or understanding, not a deliberate attempt to deceive.